Chronos and Kairos Time

 

A sociologist, author, and member of the Future Society has an article on the Here/Now Catholic website where he gives the readers some interesting information on the Kairos and Chronos' understanding of the future and what artificial intelligence can do.

Last May, an interesting video was posted on the YouTube channel TED-Ed. It was a 5-minute video titled ‘Can AI predict someone’s breakup?’ posted by a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The video shows that artificial intelligence (AI) analyzes couples' data from an online search history, spending habits, marriage and divorce history, etc. can tell you the probability of divorce. The Professor says the probability of being correct is 95 percent. As the accuracy rate of artificial intelligence predictions continues to increase, more people may rely on artificial intelligence predictions unless they are willing to risk the expected failure. 

Artificial intelligence for predicting life, as a whole, rather than just specific aspects such as divorce, has also been released. At the end of last year, a joint research team from the Technical University of Denmark and the University of Copenhagen developed an artificial intelligence model that predicts the human lifetime. The joint research team trained artificial intelligence on daily data, such as education, health, income, and occupation, of 6 million people in the Danish national data center to predict key elements of life such as future health and personality traits. This program was found to be particularly effective in predicting early mortality from ages 35 to 65 and also showed high accuracy in predicting personality changes.  Researchers predict that this program will lead to a system that accurately predicts a person's entire life in the future.

Now, we have entered an era where when we wonder about the future or decide something, we ask artificial intelligence instead of going to a religious leader or shaman. As people use artificial intelligence, more data is accumulated, and the accuracy of predictions increases. Then, a question arises at this point. In the future, will artificial intelligence take the lead in predicting the future and will the role of religious leaders and shamans end? The writer was curious about how artificial intelligence answers this important question.

Artificial intelligence can predict events that are likely to occur in the future by analyzing past data and current trends. However, these predictions are not always accurate and involve uncertainty. For example, in fields as diverse as the stock market, weather, and economic trends, artificial intelligence uses predictive models to try to predict the future, but its accuracy is affected by data quality, model complexity, and external factors, etc. However, predictions are always probabilistic, and since all variables and volatility cannot be perfectly controlled, the results are always accompanied by a certain degree of uncertainty.

The important keyword in artificial intelligence is ‘data.’ Predictions are only possible if there is data, and predictions vary depending on the data. However, the predictions of religious leaders and shamans are not entirely dependent on data. Now he asks the second question.

What is the difference between future predictions made by religion and future predictions made by artificial intelligence? Both of them use fundamentally different methods and approaches. The difference between the two approaches can be explained as follows: Religion is based on spiritual and mystical experiences, and artificial intelligence is based on scientific data and statistical models. [Methodology: Religion relies on faith and intuition, but artificial intelligence relies on empirical data and algorithms.]

Religious predictions pursue religious and moral goals, while artificial intelligence predictions pursue practical and scientific goals. 

Chronos and Kairos. 

There are two words for time in ancient Greek. They are chronos and kairos. Chronos is chronological time. It is a general time concept such as day, month, year, etc. The word used to record events by date is chronos. Chronos is the promised time created by socialized humans. Kairos is quality time, a time of hope. Kairos is the good times that appear in life.  Good times don't come at a certain time or on a certain day of the week. It may come suddenly like a thunderbolt. It can be created against the social order through human will. 

There are two paths to the future. Kairos and Chronos. There is a future mentioned by religious leaders and shamans, and there is a future predicted by artificial intelligence based on data. The two solutions are not completely separate. Sometimes they overlap and sometimes they appear separate. The two paths coexist within an individual or within a group. There are times when one stands out more than the other. It is not the future predictions of artificial intelligence that give hope to life when you are economically poor and things are not getting better. The future presented by artificial intelligence is bound to be bleak. However, the future offered by Kairos is a message of hope. You can create your future through prayer or through faith that seems groundless but will come true. In this way, humans have two ways of reckoning time and two futures. We have a future that artificial intelligence does not have.

—The Whole Is Greater Than The Parts—

 

"A priest researching Catholic humanities and religion at the Korea Institute of Christian Thought, on the Here and Now website, provides readers with interesting information about the 'post-truth' society we have entered."

The Synod Church considers the process of church members living together and identifying church values ​​as important. An important goal of the Synod Church is to avoid the hierarchical relationship between bishops, priests, and religious, believers, familiar in the past, and move toward an equal and communicative method.

In the past, priests taught, sanctified, and guided believers. This method does not seem appropriate in today's liberal democratic worldview. Additionally, in the hierarchical church society of the past, the priest's leadership and will were considered important, not only in doctrine but also in spiritual life, community management, and people's lifestyles. However, today's horizontal relationship culture based on individual freedom places more importance on individual thoughts and free will than ever before.

Believers not only do not unconditionally follow the priest's thoughts and decisions as in the past but rather evaluate the priest based on their own thoughts and standards. It is not an easy situation for the priest. Therefore, there is no choice but to place more importance on the believers' position and community opinion not only in preaching and pastoral management but also in relationships. 

The Synod Church or Synodalitas (Walking Together) takes on the character of a church-wide movement to maintain church traditions while adapting to a culture of individual freedom and equality and to seek a church mission appropriate to the changing social environment. Nevertheless, in church life, if we respect and listen to the positions and thoughts of all believers, the community often falls into confusion. Didn’t they say that if there are many boatmen, the boat will end up in the mountains?

Common discernment is what the Synodalitas Church wants as a methodological element to avoid going to the mountains. In today's society, where individual subjective opinions, values, and emotions are important, it is not easy for everyone to agree on objective justice and truth. 

Philosopher Lee MacIntyre described this reality as ‘post-truth.’ Post-truth is defined as “a phenomenon  which appeals to personal beliefs and emotions which have greater influence than objective facts when forming public opinion.” 

The problem is that this is not simply a lie or a political tactic, but is recognized by people as such. Aristotle defined truth as follows: “If you say that something exists that exists and that something that does not exist, does not exist, then it is true.” For people today, truth does not exist objectively but rather exists within the framework of their subjective interests and cognitive biases. So people do not hesitate to subvert the truth in various ways.

Synodalitas (walking together) The method chosen by the church to avoid going to the mountains is joint discernment. 

This can be divided into four types. First, there are cases where one accidentally says something that is not the truth.  Second, there is intentional avoidance of recognition by pretending that information is true without checking whether it is true or not. Third, there is lying, which is making false statements to deceive others. Fourth, it is a case of falling into cognitive bias and delusions of self-deception and believing that untrue words and facts are sincerely true. Cognitive bias is particularly dangerous and widespread. 

Examples of the post-truth phenomenon can be easily found around us. Ideologically biased reports distributed through broadcasts and the Internet do not initially consider verification to determine whether they are true or not. Just as there is no need to explain in detail the propaganda used by former President Trump of the United States using voters' emotions and situations, or the public incitement techniques of South Korea's left and right politicians.

Humans tend to find a point of harmony between their beliefs and actions and experience anxiety when this harmony is broken. So, they either ignore the truth or justice that does not match their values ​​and thoughts, or distort it and accept it and act on it. This is where the so-called cognitive bias phenomenon comes from. The reason for joint discernment in the Synod Church is also because the truth and teachings of the Church can be distorted due to our individual cognitive biases. Especially when the decisions of those in positions of power in the church are absolute, the risk is bound to be great.

In the past, the opinions and thoughts of those who had power in society were the truth and justice. An example of a method of traditionally identifying right and wrong is the 'Wonnim trial'. The village councilor, who is responsible for the judicial and administrative affairs of the village, has the sole and absolute authority to determine whether there is a crime or not and what is reasonable. The magistrate drags the person he presumes to have committed a crime and makes him sit down, and then he shouts out loud, “You made your sin known!” With this cry, the person is already no different from a convicted prisoner. Due to the cognitive bias, the judge has regarding information about the person and the situation, he has already judged the person guilty in his mind even before the trial takes place. The next step is to check your own cognitive biases. In historical dramas, intimidation, torture, and cajoling are often used to get rid of the rumors. In this way, correct identification of the truth is difficult to expect in a structure with a person or group that monopolizes power at the top.

No one can be free from cognitive bias. That is why common discernment is important in synodal churches. Community members can exchange ideas with each other as they work, live, and interact together. This is because, in the process of talking to each other, we are inevitably exposed to diverse opinions, which naturally enrich our thinking and judgment. 

In his book "Infotopia", Cass Sunstein argues that when individuals interact, they can reach conclusions that they would not have noticed on their own. In other words, “a phenomenon in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” can occur, and this is the power of joint identification in the process of forming a synodal church.

Old Age Is Not A Disease

Continued from the previous post.

There are efforts to define aging as a ‘disease’ and turn it into a treatment area. 

It is important to discern what is medically necessary in health care for the elderly. Aging is not a disease but a stage in life but again possible and necessary health concerns for the elderly are also a part of growing old and aging well. 

However, if aging is viewed as a disease, it becomes a process that can be treated. The most recent commercialization of aging medical services is in the area of ​​dementia. Too many places claim that dementia should be tested and treated. At this time there are no cures for Alzheimer's and other related dementias. However, some treatments can help manage symptoms.

Even dementia insurance was introduced. In fact, most senile dementias, excluding idiopathic dementia, are the result of aging, and of course, there is no fundamental treatment. Anti-aging treatment is a temporary illusion. Of course, there are various tests and neurological imaging that can determine the level of dementia.

‘Dementia’, which is listed as a diagnosis, is also subject to private insurance. Pharmaceutical companies that market dementia drugs have been creating and strengthening these standards for decades in major developed countries. Cognitive disorders with treatable causes are presented as the main example, and a wide range of senile dementias have also become targets of drug treatment. Once the drug became available, medical providers began using similar research evidence and claims to make money. Related tests poured out and everything was commercialized. Drugs, functional foods, called cognitive drugs, were also developed and marketed. 

Recently, age-related muscle weakness, loss of balance, age-related farsightedness, etc. are all dismissed as diseases. Considering the premise of aging well, measures are necessary to prevent falls and enable reading. However, the process of turning aging into a ‘disease’ by making it a commodity is seen by many to be no real help to the elderly, and has ended up as a process of surrounding the difficulties of the elderly to drugs and medical knowledge.

If we truly want the elderly to avoid falling into muscle and cognitive decline, what is important is maintaining adequate income, social relationships, and assigning community duties. For adequate income, public pensions such as the national pension must be increased to an amount that allows for a minimum living, and maintaining social relationships requires a community with minimal residential facilities and social care. Additionally, there must be sustainable jobs that utilize the expertise and experience of the elderly, rather than focusing on production. The public foundation of these communities must come before silver towns, pills, and doctor's diagnoses.

However, the reality is that ‘free public transportation for the elderly’ is criticized and the pain and forgetfulness of the elderly are approached only as illnesses. They only claim economic efficiency and are pushing out the elderly in collecting waste paper. 

In Korean capitalism, the church now seems to be the only source of comfort for the elderly. Consequently, the columnist sometimes recommends that elderly patients who have difficulty walking and who don't have a job go to church. This is because the local community has almost collapsed. Aging is not a disease. We all become old.

Make A Good Appearance— ‘Lookism’.

In Now/Here Catholic Website a member of the Bishops' Justice and Peace Committee and a specialist in rehabilitation medicine gives us some important issues we need to face in present-day society. This blog will be in two parts: (1)Making A Good Appearance  and (2) Old Age is Not A Disease

The desire to become younger is one of humanity's long-standing hopes. The first emperor of China is said to have sent his confidants across the sea to the east of China to obtain the ‘herb of immortality’. In Taoism, 'eternal youth and longevity' can be achieved through practices of seclusion and training, and they revere Taoist hermits who have lived long lives."

In Korea, treatments for ‘young-looking skin’ are common. Not only women but also men are busy taking care of their skin to look young; removing wrinkles is basic, and injections and creating skin elasticity and shine follow. Hiding one's age with hair dye and tattoos is common, and treatment for geriatric hair loss is also widespread. It has become common sense to overcome male baldness due to aging with medication or treatment. 

This social atmosphere began with a commercialization trend that being young was not only good but could be created. And the healthcare industry quickly joined.  Korea is a mecca for cosmetics and beauty. Seoul is flooded with customers from all over the world who come for cosmetic surgery, and major plastic surgery chains are expanding overseas and showing off their power. The Korean cosmetics industry is receiving global attention and developing in line with the anti-aging trend.

The public's desire to look younger and have better skin is not the fundamental problem. The reason Korea has become a paradise for plastic surgery and skincare is because of the culture—make a good appearance— ‘lookism’. The real problem is that this social atmosphere encourages hatred toward aging. Even though we are all aging, many do not see it as a natural process.

Getting older is not all negative. Experience is accumulated, various skills are achieved, and this can be passed on to the next generation. In addition, unlike when you were young when your reproductive function was active and your physical strength was good, age allows you to take a leisurely look at the world, life, and society. Aging, sadly can be a time of cunning and shamelessness.

However, unlike the agricultural society of the past, the role of ‘elders’ is no longer important. Such skill and wisdom have already been replaced by data and artificial intelligence, and sustainability and community-based expertise are seen as obstacles to industrialization to increase profits. Also, when they are young, they are respected by companies and society as a productive population due to their high productivity, but when they get older and retire, they are regarded as a burden. As a result, hatred of elderly people spreads. 

Although there is some blatant hatred such as ‘no entry for the elderly’, major politicians in Korea have now taken advantage of ‘free riding for the elderly’ on public transportation as a source of generational conflict. If we reduce welfare benefits for the elderly, we will also hurt ourselves as we all become older.

The reason why it is so easy to distinguish between the elderly and the young and treat the elderly as if they are members of a different society is the logic of economics. The underlying view is that the elderly are merely a consumer population, not a productive population.  However, as mentioned before, everyone becomes an old person. However, do the wealthy who are encouraging these generational conflicts and young people's distrust of social insurance such as national pensions and health insurance want to be excluded from the elderly receiving benefits?

The distrust of the older generation and hatred of the elderly are not only based on disregard for aging. The surprising thing about capitalism is that even amid such hatred and generational conflict, it creates a way to make money on the elderly. 

"We did not come to die"

In the View from the Ark column of the Catholic Times, a parish priest gives the readers some thoughts on accidents in the workplace.

On June 24, when the church was celebrating the birth of Saint John the Baptist, a tragic event occurred at a factory in Korea.  A serious fire disaster occurred at a primary lithium battery company, killing 23 people, including 18 migrant workers. 

The workers did not receive proper safety training because they were not full-time employees but belonged to a labor dispatch company. It is a factory that handles dangerous hazardous substances, and although a fire broke out a few days before this disaster, no safety measures were implemented. In the end, 17 Chinese, 5 Koreans, and 1 Laotian lost their lives in the fire.

At 7 p.m. on July 2, ten days after the accident, a memorial service was held in front of the Seoul Employment and Labor Office to honor the victims. The columnist decided to participate in the event along with immigrant and refugee activists from the parish. When he arrived at the location, he first noticed the words on the banner. “We did not come to die! Migrant workers want to work safely!”

The words ‘We did not come to die’ stuck in his mind. The workers came to this unfamiliar place to better the conditions of the families they left at home. However, they can no longer be with their family due to negligence, carelessness, and complacency. Yet, the investigation into the cause of the accident and the assignment of responsibility is progressing slowly, making it difficult to calm the columnist's mind.

If proper safety measures had been taken during the fire that occurred before the disaster, or if only workers had been properly educated on the location of emergency exits and how to escape, the tragedy in which more than 20 precious lives were lost would not have filled him with regret.

This is not the first tragedy of this kind. Tragedies occur repeatedly every few years such as the fatal accident of an employee of a screen door maintenance company,  the fatal accident at a Thermal Power Plant, and the fatal accident at Pyeongtaek Port. Because of one of the deaths, an atmosphere of reflection on our society, where people do not receive proper education or protection due to excessive subcontracting, was created, and a discussion about 'outsourcing of death' began, which eventually resulted in the 'Serious Accident Punishment Act'.  

However, as the first ruling applying the law resulted in a suspended sentence, controversy over its effectiveness arose, and the current administration expressed its intention to revise the law because it harms corporate morale. There is still a long way to go. 

Of the 17 victims of Chinese nationality, the majority were Chinese female workers, commonly referred to as ethnic Koreans. Strictly speaking, they cannot be called immigrants because they are overseas Koreans, but the fact that they are from a country other than Korea and are working as outsourced workers in industries that Korean nationals avoid makes it clear that their situation is no different from that of immigrants of other nationalities.  Because there is no language barrier, they are treated as so-called 'cost-effective migrant workers'.

According to data from the Ministry of Employment and Labor, the total number of deaths from industrial accidents in Korea last year was 812, of which 85 were migrant workers or 10.4%. As of the first quarter of this year, the rate of industrial accident deaths among migrant workers was 11.2% (24 out of 213), already exceeding last year's rate. 

Considering the National Statistical Office's announcement that the total number of migrant workers last year was 923,000, exceeding 3.2% of the total number of employed people (28,416,000), an all-time high, the number of immigrants who will be sacrificed if this type of disaster is repeated is expected to increase.  This is why we must listen to their cry— "We did not come to die!"

Making Catholicism More Chinese

The Catholic Times had an article by a university professor, Chairman of the Asian Catholic History Research Association, on recent efforts of the Chinese government to strengthen the Chinese national identity with efforts in nationalism and making Catholicism more Chinese — 'Sinicize Catholicism'.

In recent times, sinicization has been China's policy toward minorities, particularly toward religious minorities within China. Policies include the attempt to blend religious traditions with traditions perceived as Chinese and the promotion of "ethnic unity".

The article's writer recently visited China at the invitation of a Chinese Catholic organization. He leaves us with his impressions of the visit to China.

He visited China from July 1 to 5. He visited the  Catholic Institute of New Philosophy in Beijing, the Foreign Language Institute in Anyang, Henan Province, Anyang Cathedral, and historical and cultural sites. He was accompanied by a professor from Anyang Normal College and director of the Henan Province Catholic Sinicization Research Center. 

Another important purpose of this visit was to examine the efforts currently underway in China for Catholic Sinicization. The professor had great doubt about how much of the reality of 'Catholic Sinicization' he would get to know. 

The Catholic New Philosophy Academy of China is a cradle of education for Chinese religious and clergy and is an educational institution equivalent to a major seminary in Korea. Anyang was called 'Yin Ruins' during the Shang Dynasty in China and is a historical city where royal tombs were located. The discovery of the 'oracle bone script' became a turning point for China’s transition from prehistoric times to historical times. Let’s examine how the Sinicization of Catholicism is unfolding through these special places and historical regions.

The China Catholic New Philosophy Academy has the Annunciation Cathedral in the center, modeled after the Temple of Heaven (Qiniandian) (祈年殿) in Beijing’s Tiantan Park, and four buildings (St. John’s Lecture Hall, St. James’s Training Hall, St. Peter’s Cathedral, and St. Joseph’s Library) surrounding it.

The Annunciation Cathedral, located in the center of the New Philosophy Academy, was a scaled-down version of the Qiniandian. The fact that it was built as a cathedral can be said to symbolize considerable meaning.  It was a place where the emperor offered sacrifices to heaven every year, and the construction of such a symbolic building as a cathedral can be the result of the efforts to sinicize Catholicism. Similar to the missioner Matteo Ricci in the late Ming Dynasty who took off his clerical robe and changed into the robe of a nobleman for missionary work.

The next thing that caught his eye was the painting of the Last Supper. A  painting of the Last Supper, with Jesus and the twelve disciples in Chinese clothing sitting around a table. On the left and right of the painting were signs that read “孝親尊師 (Be filial to your parents and respect your teachers)” and “知恩報恩 (Know kindness and repay kindness).” This could also be seen as a cross-section of Catholic Sinicization to express intimacy.

He would prefer to use ‘non-foreign religious painting’ instead of Sinicization. 

On the second day of his visit, he visited the Henan Province Catholic Sinicization Research Center. He learned a lot about the Sinicization content through the guidebook there. It is worth noting that the logo of the Henan Province Catholic Sinicization Research Center has the oracle bone script ‘天’ (天) in the middle. This is because ‘天’ has both the meaning of establishing Anyang as the capital 3,000 years ago and the meaning of ‘lord of all things.’ At the same time, the word ‘Cheonju’ (Lord of the Heavens) itself, borrowed by Matteo Ricci, already has the meaning of the sinicization of Catholicism, as mentioned in the guidebook.

The head of the research center gave him the ‘Chronological Table of Chinese Catholic Dioceses’  as a gift as a research result of the sinicization of Catholicism. It was a table that was created so that the current dioceses and parish priests of China could be seen at a glance. This data is not yet known in Korea and will be very useful for researchers studying Chinese Catholicism and Korean church history in Korea.

On the third day of his visit to China, he visited the  Catholic Church in Anyang City. This cathedral, which honors the Sacred Heart of Jesus as its patron saint, is the cathedral of the Anyang Diocese, where Bishop Zhang Yinlin (Joseph), who is recognized by both the Chinese government and the Pope, resides. Anyang Diocese was formerly called Weihui Diocese (衛辉教區) but is now called Anyang Diocese (安陽). The front of Anyang Diocese still remains as a concrete wall. This is because a priest who studied in Rome is currently working on creating a stone mosaic mural of the Bible in the form of an oracle bone script, but it is not yet finished. On one wall of the cathedral, a mural depicts a Bible verse using the oracle bone script characters ‘安’  and ‘家’. It is artistically unique. In some ways, he thought that this might be the most typical form of Catholic Chinese painting. He hopes the next time he visits Anyang Cathedral, a beautiful stone mosaic mural explaining the Bible in oracle bone script will greet him at the front of the cathedral.

His visit to China this time was a valuable opportunity to see something new. The term ‘Catholicism Sinicization’ is currently used a lot in China. However, he thinks that the term ‘Catholicism de-foreignization’ is more appropriate in terms of its meaning, although it is more complicated than ‘Catholicism Sinicization.’ In the past, the term ‘indigenization’ or ‘localization’ of Catholicism was used, but since these terms also have various meanings and can be confusing, he suggests another term be used for simplicity. The words ‘Catholicism Sinicization’ can easily be misinterpreted. 

Why is it that he is happy and delighted at the changing appearance of the Chinese church, but on the other hand, when he hears that the walls of churches must be covered with the words “equality, freedom, reconciliation, civilization, democracy, and prosperity,” he feels uneasy? Is it because of his old age he feels like the controversy over rituals in China, which he thinks has not yet ended, overlaps? He cautiously hopes that the sinicization of Catholicism being promoted in China will bring peace and comfort to the Chinese people and establish itself as a religion that conveys the truth of salvation. Finally, he prays that the Lord’s abundant grace and good fortune will be with all those who helped him on this visit to China and with the entire Chinese church community.

Secular vs Sacred

The Catholic Peace Weekly's Faith Platform column had an interesting visit to Genoa Italy by a religious researcher who was visiting the ocean city while living in France with her husband, there because of his work. 

During her time in France, she visited the port city of Genoa in northern Italy several times. The city center of Genoa was connected like a maze by narrow alleys, that brought people and events to mind that had been interwoven throughout its long history. 

When one walks into these square-like spaces, more correctly large spaces, there is usually a church. The churches of Genoa were old buildings on a narrow alley and the interiors were colourful. It was probably the legacy of the Principality of Genoa, which built on its mighty naval power, which thrived in trade, and banking, with enormous wealth.

Because she spent a lot of time alone in Genoa, she found a laundry room, a good place to eat, and pray on the streets. She didn't have to hurry like a tourist. It was a new and enjoyable experience with the tension and solemnity of strange places. One of the most memorable places was the Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene.

One day as she walked along a narrow road, which was not very visible, between streets with many citizens, there were women in short dresses, as if waiting for somebody— everywhere. "Wow, I am in the wrong place," she thought and got out of the alley quickly with fear. She saw a small church at the end of the street. She hurried as if she had found a shelter,  a fresco filled the ceiling overwhelming her eyes. "Oh!" When she sat down with her eyes fixed on the ceiling, the confusion and fear she felt all disappeared. "This is  beautiful in such a remote place!" She wanted to know where she was and turned on the map app and checked the location, it was Magdalena Street, Magdalene Square.

Magdalene was a prostitute and was known for a long time as the woman who met Jesus and made atonement. The Catholic Church later rectified the misconception that Magdalene was a prostitute. It recognized her as a more faithful and courageous person than anyone who first announced the resurrection of Jesus. 

However, Magdalena would have been accepted as a symbol of atonement and forgiveness when the church was built. Later it was discovered that there was a long-standing border in the streets of Magdalena against the sailors, where a cathedral was first built in the 12th century. Then, at the end of the 16th century, the church was completely renovated, filled with golden ornaments and ceilings, and much of the money was donated by the women of the suburbs and the guests who visited them.

It's unclear how much of this is true, but it's certain that both the people living on Magdalena Street and those visiting it desperately sought redemption. Perhaps they wanted to maintain a thread of hope for atonement and forgiveness by placing the most sacred place in the most profane area. 

After walking for about 5-6 minutes from Magdalena Street, She found herself on Via Roma, lined with luxury boutiques. Seeing herself captivated by the glittering shop windows instead of frescoes, she thought— "This may be for me  the more profane and secular area of the two."