Today is Palm Sunday, the beginning of Holy Week. To commemorate Jesus' entry into Jerusalem to complete the Paschal mystery, during the Mass, before the procession of palms, we listen to the Gospel concerning the Lord’s entry into Jerusalem. However, the Paschal mystery is not completed by the entry alone. Therefore, in the Liturgy of the Word, we also read together the passion narrative of Jesus Christ.  A professor at the Seoul Seminary offers readers of the Catholic Times a reflection on the first day of Holy Week.

Today's two Gospels form a stark contrast. If the Gospel of the entry shows Jesus’ 'Messianic aspect,' the passion narrative shows Jesus’ 'miserable state' as he is crucified. For example, when Jesus entered Jerusalem, the crowds shouted, 'Hosanna to the Son of David!' and cheered, whereas in the passion narrative, the crowds shout, 'Crucify him!'  showing completely opposite reactions.  

The entry and the passion seem contrasting in this way, yet they together form a single mystery. Though the content appears opposite in that the praised King meets a miserable end, the two are ultimately united in the Paschal mystery: there is no resurrection without death, and no glory without suffering. This Paschal mystery, in which Jesus, welcomed and exalted, humbles Himself unto death to complete the work of salvation, is hinted at in the entry Gospel with the expression 'humble King.'  

The word used in the Gospel of Matthew to mean 'humble' is 'praus (πραΰς).' Praus is the Greek translation of the Hebrew word 'ani (עָנִי),' meaning humble, in the verse from Zechariah cited by Matthew: 'He is righteous, humble, and rides on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey'  Etymologically, 'ani' derives from 'anah (עָנָה),' which means to be afflicted or oppressed.  

The humility referred to by 'praus' is generally, not simply the attitude of 'lowering oneself' in the usual sense of politeness and courtesy, but etymologically refers to the attitude of 'enduring'—persevering to the end regardless of any persecution and suffering. In this context, true humility means not just lowering oneself, but quietly enduring and accepting the pain that comes to us. Therefore, when the Bible refers to the one to come as a 'humble king,' it can be interpreted as a hint that, although he is a king, he will endure all kinds of persecution and harsh suffering, bear it silently, and obey even unto death. 

The root word 'ani' for humility, used by Praus, is also related to 'anavim (עֲנָוִ֥ים),' which is translated as 'the poor' in Psalm 37:11. Anavim is the plural form of 'anav (עָנָו),' and anav itself is rooted in 'anach,' which means to suffer persecution and pain. In other words, the humble (Praus) and the poor (anavim) are not unrelated. The poor celebrated in the Psalms are those who must endure persecution and pain as they are. They are so miserable that they can only place their hope in the Lord. They are in a position where they can only trust the Lord alone and endure all the evils that afflict them. The poor, in the midst of suffering, seek the will of the Lord and, in accepting their miserable reality, are inevitably humble. In short, the poor are humble, and the humble are those who seek the Lord's will in suffering and obey it. 

The reason Jesus, entering Jerusalem, is called the humble (πραΰς) king is because he prayed, 'Not my will, but yours be done' (Matthew 26:39), and obeyed the Father's will. Ultimately, the Paschal mystery will be fulfilled through those who are poor, humble, and obedient, like Jesus. Following the humble king.

Devotion to St. Joseph in Korea

The reason Asian churches in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Thailand have a strong devotion to St. Joseph was the subject of an article in the Catholic Peace Weekly. 

The Catholic Church celebrates the feast day of St. Joseph every March. St. Joseph's place in the Far East (East Asia and Southeast Asia) churches, including Korea, is especially important. This is because missionaries in the Far East entrusted their mission to Saint Joseph amid persecution, even 200 years before Pope Pius IX declared St. Joseph as the guardian of the universal church in 1870. The reason why St. Joseph became a "guardian of the Far East" through the two-pronged decision made at the mission sites in the 17th century.

The first came from missionaries dispatched by the Pope from the Paris Outpost of the Paris Foreign Missionary Society Established between 1659 and 1660, they were vast areas that encompassed Vietnam, China, and Korea. Bishop Francois Palou and Bishop Ranveer de la Mott held their first synod in Ayutthaya, the capital of the Kingdom of Siam, in 1664, before entering and dedicating the mission to St. Joseph.

Bishop Pierre Lambert de la Motte (1624-1679).  along with Bishop François Pallou (1626-1684), founded the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris (MEP, for Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris). They are considered to be among the founders of the Church in Vietnam and candidates for canonization. 

As a result, the name of the first seminary, along with the cathedral built in Ayutthaya in 1665, became St. Joseph's Seminary (the birthplace of Malaysia's Penang Seminary). In 1855, the first seminary of the Korean church was also St. Joseph's Seminary, which inherited its name and spirit. The first synod held in Tonkin, Vietnam, in 1670, also established this tradition by stating that "St. Joseph is appointed as the patron saint of the kingdom in accordance with the Ayutthaya Charter."

Another branch started in 1668 at the place of exile in China. About 20 missionaries from various religious orders unanimously selected St. Joseph as the patron saint of missionary work in China after a 40-day meeting. This is because Joseph's silence, who fled to Egypt with baby Jesus and Mary to escape King Herod's blade, resembles the situation of the persecuted Chinese church.

On August 17, 1678, Pope Innocent XI proclaimed Saint Joseph the patron saint of China and neighboring countries (including Korea) at the request of the Far East's major superiors and missionaries.

The Korean church also inherited this trend and had a devotion to St. Joseph from the beginning. The same has been true since the Archdiocese of Beijing's independence in 1831. Pope Gregorio XVI stipulated that Saint Joseph be served as a co-guardian, even after the Blessed Mary became the new patron saint at the request of Bishop Saint Angbert, the 2nd Joseon Archdiocese, in 1841. This is also why the first Western-style cathedral built in Korea, in 1892, was dedicated to Saint Joseph.

Faith, Hope and Charity

In "Questioning St. Thomas Aquinas on the Path to Happiness," in the Catholic Times Weekly, a philosophy professor offers readers some thoughts to reflect on. He gives us a drama with the lengthy title <The Story of Manager Kim, Who Owns a Home in Seoul and Works for a Large Corporation>. This story moved many office workers to tears. Those who watched the drama or heard about it were reminded of their own past, present, and future. This is because it naturally portrayed the struggles of an office worker torn between fierce performance competition and the anxiety of restructuring, as well as the conflict between company policies and personal conscience.

Scenes repeat themselves: facing promotion pressure, engaging in subtle power struggles with colleagues, and having his spirit crushed by rumors of restructuring, only to pull himself together again. On the surface, the protagonist, Manager Kim, appears to be a successful middle manager, but deep down, he is someone who constantly asks himself, “What is truly right? What am I working for? What is the ultimate standard for my life?”

Watching Manager Kim, who loses his grasp on the success that seemed almost within his reach and succumbs to frustration, I found myself wondering whether one’s personal abilities and strengths alone are sufficient for a person to attain true happiness. What came to mind then was Thomas Aquinas’s explanation of the “Theological Virtues”—namely, faith (fides), hope (spes), and charity (caritas). What advice might St. Thomas offer to those of us, like Manager Kim, who are frustrated and adrift?

Thomas Aquinas’s theological virtues do not confine the countless frustrated Manager Kims to the narrative of “survival, promotion, and downfall.” Instead, these virtues act as an amazing force that transforms the ordinary day of a modern working person who believes in Christ into a drama of a personality unified by friendship with God. 

Thomas makes a sharp distinction between virtues suited to our natural state as “social animals” and virtues that purify those striving to draw near to God. Thomas emphasizes the need for “other virtues proportionate to supernatural happiness, in addition to moral virtues proportionate to natural happiness,” and calls these virtues “virtus theologiae.” This is because the object of these virtues—which are also translated as “virtues directed toward God” or “theological virtues”—is God Himself. (I-II, 62, 1) These include “faith” in the intellect, “hope” directed toward God in the will, and “true love” that unites us with Him. (I-II, 62, 3)

These virtues are “instilled by God into the human soul” so that humans may become worthy of eternal life. Therefore, Thomas called them “infused virtues” to distinguish them from “acquired virtues” (such as the intellectual or moral virtues proposed by Aristotle), which are obtained through repeated human actions.

Paschal Time Baptisms in Hong Kong

[UCAN] The Hong Kong Diocese expects about 2,500 people, including adults and infants, to receive baptism ahead of Easter Sunday.

According to the Pope's Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples’ mission newsletter 'Fides,' reported on March 13, “The number of those to be baptized this year is similar to last year.” The report stated that many young catechumens decided to receive baptism after hearing the living testimonies of believers who had already been baptized at Catholic schools or local parishes.

Cardinal Bishop of the Hong Kong Diocese recently urged catechumens in catechism courses held in several parishes to “be bearers of hope.” On March 8, at the Christ the King Church, he told catechumens, “Receiving baptism means accepting Christ, the water of life.”

He also said, “Baptism is only the beginning of the life of faith. You must enter a deeper relationship with the Church to personally encounter the Lord and become bearers of hope through the graces of the Holy Spirit and faith.”

A catechumen at St. Anthony’s School said, “I felt called to be a Christian while participating in the formation and pilgrimage program for catechumens provided by the school.” A catechumen at St. Francis University decided to be baptized after participating in the university’s pastoral program.

Once a British colony, Hong Kong is now a Special Administrative Region of China. Known at one time as one of the freest cities in Asia, Hong Kong’s autonomy and freedoms have been significantly curtailed following large-scale pro-democracy protests in 2019. The movement was suppressed by the pro-Beijing government’s harsh security measures. Hundreds of pro-democracy figures, including politicians, activists, and journalists, were arrested and tried, and many left Hong Kong to escape oppression.

In 2020, the Chinese government introduced a National Security Law, which restricted many freedoms and rights that had been guaranteed under the 'one country, two systems' framework when the U.K. returned Hong Kong in 1997.

Seeds of Hope

A nun of the Congregation of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, currently engaged in farming, strives to live out the mystery of the Incarnation of the Word in her daily life. as reported in the Catholic News: Here and Now website.

As February and March arrive, a farmer's heart begins to race. Now that our sisters have finished drying the chili peppers—which they tended with such care throughout the previous year—grinding them finely, and making *gochujang* (red chili paste),  the start of spring) has passed, and the time has come to slowly begin the year's farming cycle. 

Throughout the winter, we sustained ourselves on dried wild greens and roasted sweet potatoes over the stove; in doing so, we replenished our nutrients and built up our physical reserves—gaining a bit of weight—to prepare our bodies for the hard work of the coming year. Above all, this is a crucial time for formulating the farming plan for the entire year. A farmer thinks of the fields and paddies even during the cold, snowy days of winter. What shall we plant? When shall we plant it? How shall we tend to it? And with whom shall we work?

Catherine Doherty (1896–1985)—who is revered alongside Dorothy Day as a pioneer of social justice and the lay apostolate movement in the United States—operated the St. Benedict Farm within Madonna House, the community she founded in Canada. She was a pioneer who laid the groundwork for "Apostolic Farming"—a practice that forms the very foundation of community spirituality—by demonstrating that a farm serves as something far greater than merely a place to produce food for its members; it is, in itself, a place imbued with apostolic significance. The reason we attach the word "apostolate" to the act of "farming" is that, by engaging in manual labor with our own hands, we enable those who witness our efforts to experience God, thereby allowing us to widely proclaim the Good News. 

Catherine Doherty’s life and teachings helped the writer realize that farming is not merely a job, but a way of life—a form of prayer and spirituality that permeates one’s entire existence. She pondered how to concretely embody this concept in her own life, her thoughts turned to the three major festivals of ancient Israel. Long before they evolved into religious festivals centered on faith in God, these celebrations were observed in agrarian societies in rhythm with the natural cycles of farming: in the spring, when the first seeds were sown (the Feast of Unleavened Bread); at the time of the first harvest (the Feast of Weeks); and during the final gathering of the crops (the Feast of Tabernacles). (Exodus 23:15–16) While discussing our annual farming plans with the sisters, she proposed to  integrate these agricultural cycles—which are intrinsically linked to those ancient festivals—into their own liturgical life. For the Christian life—and, indeed, the life of a religious—is one in which all things are celebrated and commemorated with the liturgy at their very center.

Although the biting cold of winter still lingers, the need to begin nurturing chili seedlings in early February prompted us to hold a special rite for the sowing of the first seeds. On the Feast of Our Lady of Lourdes, we blessed the soil and our farming tools before placing the chili seeds into the seed trays. On the final day of February, much as our ancestors once performed *a traditional ritual marking the start of the farming season, we offered a special "Opening of the Farming Season" Mass. We brought out the seeds we had carefully preserved from the previous year, placed them into recycled ice cream containers, and adorned them with beautiful decorations. There is an old saying: "Even if a farmer starves to death, he dies with his head resting on his seeds." To cherish seeds—which hold within them the promise of "potential"—is to preserve life and to cultivate hope. Placing a basket filled with seeds before the altar, we blessed them and consecrated the year’s harvest to God.

"Wellspring of the Word"

 

 ‘Deuteronomy’: The Center of the Old Testament.

 A pastor emeritus and professor of Scripture offers valuable insights on the subject in an article in the Korean Catholic Times, drawing on his experience and studies.

From the Book of Genesis to the Book of Malachi, every single book of the Bible is, of course, important. This is because each possesses its own unique character and value— much in the same way that every limb of our body is precious. Nevertheless, just as the four Gospels—which directly recount the words and deeds of Jesus—hold the utmost importance within the New Testament, so too can Deuteronomy be regarded as the "center of the Old Testament."

Deuteronomy serves as a historical record, recounting the various events that transpired following the Exodus from Egypt; yet it is also a biblical text that imbues that history with its own distinct theological significance. 

Deuteronomic theology exerted a profound influence—both in terms of authorship and theological-historical perspective—upon the subsequent books of the Bible: Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings. Furthermore, Deuteronomic theology is widely believed to have significantly shaped the theological outlook of numerous prophets, including Jeremiah.

Deuteronomy systematically outlines the virtues and conduct expected of God's people. For this reason, it is frequently cited in the New Testament and contributed significantly to the formation of the early Christian community.

In response to the three temptations by the devil (cf. Matthew 4:1–11; Luke 4:1–13), Jesus repelled the temptations on all three occasions by quoting from the Book of Deuteronomy: “One does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God” (Matthew 4:4; cf. Deuteronomy 8:3). “You shall not put the Lord, your God, to the test” (Matthew 4:7; cf. Deuteronomy 6:16). “You shall worship the Lord, your God, and him only shall you serve” (Matthew 4:10; cf. Deuteronomy 6:13).

Even when a teacher of the law asked about the greatest commandment, Jesus answered by quoting from Deuteronomy: “You shall love the Lord, your God, with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind” (Matthew 22:37; cf. Deuteronomy 6:5).

I have vivid memories from my student days in Germany, when the primary requirement for selection as a visiting student for a short-term stay in Jerusalem was to recite—in Hebrew—Israel’s traditional confession of faith (cf. Deuteronomy 6:4–7), which begins with the words “Hear, O Israel” (*Shema Yisrael*). “Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your strength. Keep in your heart these words that I command you today” (Deuteronomy 6:4–6). This serves as both the starting point and the very center of how the people of Israel think and act.

The author of the Acts of the Apostles also cites Deuteronomy to convey that Jesus is the true prophet who fulfills the prophetic ministry of Moses. “Moses said: ‘The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your own people...’” (Acts 3:22; cf. Deuteronomy 18:15)

Paul, too, quotes Deuteronomy without hesitation: “The word is near you; it is in your mouth and in your heart.” (Romans 10:8; cf. Deuteronomy 30:14)

Deuteronomy reveals the secret to becoming wealthy—both as individuals and as a nation: “You will lend to many nations but will not have to borrow from any; you will rule over many nations, but they will not rule over you.” (Deuteronomy 15:6) Provided, that is, that we live according to the Lord’s will and His word (His statutes)! (cf. Deuteronomy 15:5) The choice, then, is now up to us, isn’t it?

Internet Use in Korea

An article featured in the Korean Catholic Times gives readers an understanding of our use of the Internet in Korea.                       

As of 2025, people worldwide spend an average of over 6 hours and 30 minutes per day using the internet. According to a survey by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the average weekly usage time for Korean internet users is 3 hours. 

The moment we open our eyes in the morning, our hands move first. We turn off the alarm, check KakaoTalk, and scan news headlines. Before even 10 minutes pass, we're already immersed in dozens of messages and images. On the commute, at the dinner table, and even in bed just before sleep, our phone screens fill nearly every gap in our day.

By 2025, people worldwide are projected to spend an average of over 6 hours and 30 minutes daily on the internet. According to the global digital statistics report “Digital 2025: Global Overview Report,” the global internet user base will reach 5.56 billion, with social media users hitting 5.24 billion.

The situation in Korea is not significantly different. According to the Ministry of Science and ICT's “2024 Internet Usage Survey,” the average weekly internet usage time is 20.5 hours, equating to about 3 hours per day. Notably, those aged 10 to 40 tend to use it longer than average, spending around 4 hours daily on the internet and mobile devices.

In this era where media dominates most of daily life, the Lenten question “What should I give up this year?” might find its most honest answer in ‘media fasting’ – a practice that most truthfully reflects today's reality

Pope Leo XIV's Lenten message this year mentions ‘fasting’ and emphasizes restraint in speech. While not directly using the term ‘media addiction,’ the call to “refrain from words that offend and wound your neighbor” can be read as cautioning against violent language on social media and in political discourse.