Limits of Obedience to Authority

 In the Catholic Times, 'We see as much as we know" the priest columnist considers the issue: when can we resist public power? A serious issue in the past and present.
 
There was a time when the enemies of Jesus, preparing to trap him, asked if they should pay taxes to Rome. It's like asking a Korean if one should have paid taxes to Japan during the Japanese colonial period. No matter how you answer it, you are an enemy to one side. Jesus said, "Give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s" (Matthew 22:21). After all, he is saying that we should pay taxes to the countries that have taken our country away. Not good news for independence activists.
 
In Philemon, the Apostle Paul sends Onesimus a runaway slave who stole from his master back to him. This is Paul's theology.
 
Obedience to Authority: Let everyone obey the authorities that are over him, for there is no authority except God and all authority that exist is established by God" (Rom. 13:1).
 
The Apostle Peter also speaks of slavery: "You household slaves,obey your masters with all deference, not only the good and the reasonable ones but even those who are harsh (1 Peter 2:18).
 
The Catholic Church thus explicitly presents a "duty of obedience" (1900) even to secular authorities. However, Adolf Eichmann, who was the murderer of the Jews at Hitler's command, also obeyed authority. Then he must be innocent. We face a difficult dilemma here. It is necessary to set a standard for how far one must obey.
 
The Catechism thus teaches that public authority is only effective "within the limits of the moral order" (1923) and "when striving for the common good of society" (1921). That means you don't have to obey the captain of a pirate ship. It is God who gave the authority, but God who gave the law of love. Human beings have been empowered by God, but when that authority gives orders that undermine 'Respect for Man' (1907), 'Social Well-being' (1908), and 'Peace for Humanity' (1909), one may listen to those opposed.
 
Let's say a person belonged to a group that obeyed bin, Laden. He was a terrorist who promoted a religion of terrorism. Therefore, obeying that person contradicts the law of conscience, which is to love our neighbor. To not grant freedom of religion is to not respect human dignity. This is true of other situations in our world which will continue to cause pain for many.
 
However, when you still do not know how to behave concerning the authority of public officials, Catholics need to respect the decisions of the Church. We are believers in Jesus his body the church, not politicians.
 
"Whoever receives you receives me, and whoever receives me receives him who sent me" (Matthew 10:40). The late Cardinal Kim Su-hwan told a high-ranking police official who said he would send the police into the Myeongdong Cathedral to arrest the students. This was just before the June 29 declaration for democratization: "If you want to arrest students, step on me, then on the priests and nuns and go in."

Conveying what is not Experienced

In the Here and Now Site was an interview with the director of the Research Institute of the New Generation on the Catholic Sunday School Program of the Church. Some of the random thoughts  were that teenagers who are bright are not deeply religious. The longer the religious life, the more unhappy and want to leave the church. The parish community must come together for a personal encounter with God.

This is a brief summary of some of  the thoughts in the interview. Youth ministry is said to be in crisis. Teenagers say, "After graduating from Sunday school, they won’t go to church anymore," and they do what they say when they graduate from secondary school Sunday school. The director makes clear  that children not coming to church once they are  adults is not something new. Rather, the church was taking this for granted because of its long history.

 

The "Guidebook for Korean Catholic Youth Pastoral Care" published last year by the Bishops’ Conference redefines the concept of youth pastoral care while analyzing the causes of youth pastoral crisis and suggests the direction of pastoral care required by the times. The church officially diagnosed the youth pastoral situation as a crisis from its research. 

 

Was there a reason to create a guidebook? There has been no substantial change in youth pastoral care, but at least in the Korean Catholic Church, the release of this guidebook is a change. If you look at the 'Guideline', it was determined that the long-standing debate without practice is the biggest cause of youth ministry not being dynamic.

 

There are problems with pastoral systems and programs.  The debate over the causes of youth pastoral crisis has been going on for a long time, but why hasn't it changed?  There are a lot of problems with youth pastoral care in the church, and the contents are outlined in the guidebook. But how much you agree with it is another matter. There is a big difference in consciousness between the priests who have been engaged in youth pastoral care and the priests who have been in charge of youth pastoral care.

The reality of youth pastoral care through his study the director learned important facts. Children go to church because their mothers and grandmothers tells them to go, and even children who work hard at Sunday school say that after Sunday school, they will no longer come to church.

 

The crisis of youth pastoral care as seen by Pope Francis emphasizes joy in faith, but why isn't this the reality? One does not find the meaning for living a life of faith in the here and now. Researchers have conceptualized this as a 'personal encounter with God'. One is not  happy because one does not have a personal encounter with God. After reading the Pope's book, he was convinced of the credibility of the book's conclusions. In the Apostolic Exhortation of  Pope Francis Christ Lives to young people the story of accompaniment with God is given, and it can be seen that this concept of 'personal encounter with God' is in line with what the universal Church is talking about. 

 

If we understand that Jesus is with us all the time, but we do not recognize it, and that the failure to meet God personally is the reason why we are not happy even after a long life of faith, the answer is simple. He is convinced that knowing that Jesus is with them and nurturing this  personal encounter with God will change the way children accept their faith. Consequently we have hope for youth ministry.

 

There are many people who are not positive about this.  They've already been with teenagers and it didn't work out. However, examine closely, you are not accompanying them, but are accompanied by them. 

 

"The handbook finds a key principle in youth pastoral care, especially in 'the image of Jesus who was with the two disciples on their way to Emmaus and became the gospel to them'. It is the presence as a companion for evangelization. The Church hopes that priests, religious and laity, following the example of Jesus, will actively participate in the art of companionship with youth. 

 

The handbook provided a great direction for a "personal encounter with God" and is useful for learning how to view youth and how to approach pastoral care. However, the specific action to be taken remains the task.

 

It can be difficult if we go into the problem of method specifically. When the director asked the priests if they had experienced God as a teenager, no one answered yes. It's  difficult to convey what one should know but never experienced. But is it really that difficult? Those who have a personal encounter with God among those who live a religious life can tell us. All you need to do is to meet someone who is devout and makes you want to be like them. There are probably a few people like that in the parish. The problem will be solved when the youth meet with those who have experienced personal

encounters with God—those alive with a strong faith life. Our parish offers a community experience of praying together and a program that connects various people in the parish to meet children.

 

The key is to make me feel that Jesus is with me in my life. That's why Synodalitas is so important. The handbook describes it as an 'educational pastoral community', but the pastoral care of youth should not be left only to catechists, religious and priests. The entire parish must be involved.

 

Lastly, the director mentioned what he would like to emphasize about youth ministry. We talk a lot about paying attention to the youth, but the church is not youth-friendly and welcoming. He  wants to do a proper research on youth. In fact, the church doesn't do research in other fields well, but if they don't understand the youth of today, what will happen in the future? In Europe, there are some priests who are worried that the church will be sold because there are no believers. Please, before it's too late, he hopes the church will pay attention to research that is in the guidebook to understand young people, and to prepare for the future.

 

 

 

Superstition in Korean Society

  

 

Shamanism and Superstition are two words with many subdivisions. Before the entrance of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Christianity into Korea, Shamanism was present. Korean shamanism seeks to explain both natural and supernatural influences on human life and a way of contacting the spirit world.

Fortune tellers have a similar goal but different approaches. Shamans are often called 'mudangs' and fortune tellers often consider their workplaces the philosopher's room. Their identity is not limited to any special name or location; they are doing very well in Korean society. For the most part, they work to make people happy for that means they will have a bright future.

This way of life doesn't require any license or certification. Open to all who are interested and with the employment opportunities in society being what they are we see an increase of Shamans and fortune tellers.
 

In the Catholic Times, Honorary Journalist Column the writer recounts going to a restaurant with a friend she hadn't seen for some time. On the TV that was turned on in the dining room a celebrity who visited a shaman was talking about fortune-telling and emphasizing that he was a 'Catholic believer'.

At a table behind the writer, she heard the mocking remarks about Catholics who have no trouble visiting 'mudangs' to learn about their future. The writer was not happy to hear what the celebrity was saying but she felt she was sitting on a cushion of thorns.

Shamans and superstition-related content are increasing through broadcasting and YouTube. No matter how much the content is used for fun she is worried that believers will get soaked into shamanism like what happens when out in a drizzle. In particular, in the last election, news reports on shamanistic doings in society, Shincheonji Church (a newly Christian Church Movement) were often in the news.

These days, it feels that various strange teachings, shamanism, and superstitions that were hiding in the dark are coming out to the sun and walking around with boldness. It was for her a time to go a little more deeply into the different areas of this life style.

Western divination methods are mixed up with our own physiognomy, fortune-telling, zodiac signs, tarot cards, lucky days, the four pillars, (year, month, day, and hour of birth) things to do when moving or celebrating, spraying salt to chase ghosts that followed after going to a house, marriage beliefs, and many folk beliefs and superstitions that permeate our lives.

These folk beliefs and superstitions are not what a Christian should be concerned with and she concludes her article by telling the readers that she was proud that she didn't believe in these superstitious ways of so many but after thought, surprised that she unknowingly was involved with some of these beliefs and superstitions. She prays that we will be awake to the shamanism and superstitions that penetrate society.
 

Hellenism And Hebraism

The Catholic Times  On Reconciliation and Unification of the Peninsula column  gives us an Asian understanding of the place of Hellenism and Hebraism in the world society.

 

Today's Western civilization is said to have originated from the fusion of Hellenism and Hebraism. Hellenism refers to the Greek way of thinking, and culture. 

 

Alexander the Great of Macedonia advances to India in the East through an expedition to Persia, an enemy of Greece. As a result, the kingdom of Macedonia became a great empire that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean coast. The culture that merged the  worlds of the Orient and Greece were merged into one called Hellenism, one of the pillars of Western culture, spreading to the entire territories of the Roman Empire.

 

On the other hand, Hebraism refers to the Jewish way of thinking, and culture. Hebraism originated in Judaism, but later blossomed in Christianity. Christianity spread to the Roman Empire through the Apostle Paul,  officially recognition in 313 and state religion in 392, forming another central pillar of Western culture. 

 

If the characteristics of Hellenism emphasize human reason earthly oriented, polytheistically oriented, objective and logical, Hebraism emphasizes the divine realm the  afterlife, monotheistic, intuitive, and emotional. If Hellenism based on reason developed European scientific civilization and humanism and resulted in the expansion of Europe externally, it is said that Hebraism sublimated the relationship between humans in society, religiously and morally. In this way, in the Renaissance era, Hellenism and Hebraism harmonized together and blossomed in Europe. 

 

In a way, the blending of two opposing flows during the Renaissance advanced Western civilization. 

 

This is a part that is difficult to understand at first glance for those of us who live in the era of extremes today. But this is the point where we learn that rapprochement rather than rejection can have bigger and better results [But this as with all things requires discretion and discernment].

 

We turn to look at our geopolitical position. The Korean Peninsula is said to be the intersection of continental and maritime powers, and I wonder if we can play a role in fusing the two currents that look like extremes— North and South—Hoping to say: "Violence will no longer  be heard of in your  county, nor devastation and ruin within your frontiers. You will call your walls  'Salvation' and your gates 'Praise'" (Isaiah 60:18).

 

Prayer Is Not Doing Nothing!

 

A director of the Catholic Spiritual Counseling Center gives his advice to the readers of a diocesan bulletin on how to resolve the conflict and hostility we find in society.

The new ordinary of the Archdiocese of Seoul was installed at a time we had one of the hottest elections for the president of the country. There were a lot of concerns around the New Ordinary among the Catholics. What kind of action would he take in the ongoing crisis? It seems certain—a strong will to keep the place of prayer before the Christians.

Holy hours of prayer with believers. Many believers joined the new ordinary in prayer.

Looking at the archbishop the writer thinks we may have forgotten we are to be a praying people. Some people criticized the behavior seeing it as avoidance of needed action.

The writer who is working in the field of psychology believes the archbishop has chosen wisely. Prayer is not of the right or left, liberal or conservative, south or north.

This is because there is a fierce division between the left and the right, not only in the media but also in the personal communication network. Naturally, there are differences of opinion and there are standards for judging, this difference of opinion is a desirable phenomenon in creating a democratic society. However, when one sees the opinions of others not only as different but considers the other as an enemy we are dealing with an unhealthy society. This is because hostility inflicts fatal blows on both sides.

That is why some journalists lament that our country is already in a state of civil war even if the citizens don't have guns in their hands. This division among the citizens of this small country is not something we are experiencing for the first time. For in the past, we have had regional rivalry, class conflict, and other divisions that eat away at society like a malignant tumor.

As a result, incidents like the Jeju 4,3 massacre of good people have occurred. In this kind of atmosphere, people who do not know each other often fight and even friends over a drink. The fundamental problems are divisions and hostility. And it is not the politicians who want to profit by instigating divisions who will solve this problem, but the selfless people and their greatest weapon is prayer.

Prayer is the best way to cool down the burning hostility and cool down the spiraling emotions, and this is not doing anything. As we pray, talk, pray, and talk, we hope that the land we live in will not be a hell burning with hostility, but a peaceful meadow where the whole nation can rest together.

Facing disagreement, resentment, and hostility makes many angry and upset, this is not the attitude of those  looking for wisdom. Many things need to be resolved before the talking that will produce results, not always what we desire but to search for truth in humility and love.
 

Europe's Heat Wave And Korea

 

In the Eyes of the Believer Column of the Catholic Times Weekly, the writer alerts the readers to the seriousness of World Climate Change. 

A man washing his head at a fountain in the square with his shirt off in the midday heat, a wildfire spewing black smoke on a dry yellow field, a forest fire turns forests into ashes and threatens private homes, a twisted railroad track, a red heatwave warning and declaring a national emergency situation... Europe in July because of climate change is experiencing the heat of hell.

 

This month, Europe is in a state of emergency due to extremely high temperatures in midsummer. The heatwave is setting new records every day, and it is now common to exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Britain crossed 40 degrees for the first time ever, and so did France. In Spain and Portugal, the situation is even worse, reaching 47 degrees. We have terrible prospects for the Iberian Peninsula, with temperatures over 50 degrees. The United States is no exception, and the entire global village is suffering from unprecedented severe body fatigue. "Climate change is killing people, killing ecosystems and biodiversity." it is affecting all of us deeply.

 

High temperatures exceeding 40 degrees are difficult to tolerate compared to the normal human body temperature of around 37 degrees. It's literally suffocating. If the situation does not improve, in a few years there will likely be a saying, "But then, compared to now, this will be considered mild". Bad times are waiting for the global village. 

 

Why is the heat wave particularly hitting Europe this year? First, the 'blocking phenomenon' is considered to be the cause of the heat wave. This is because the huge high pressure stays for a long time and stagnates the airflow. It got its name because it completely blocked the airflow. In addition, the weakening of the jet stream force pushing the heated high-pressure layer also played a role. It is a warning to the planet about greenhouse gases and climate change. 

 

Unlike Europe, we wonder if the heat wave and tropical nights are over. It is quite cool at night when you open the window without turning on the air conditioner. Are we better off than Europe? There is a slight difference in temperatures, but we don't know the future. We must not forget that today in Europe can be our tomorrow. 

 

"The climate crisis is at a crossroads between collective action and collective suicide." A warning from UN Secretary-General at the recent climate talks in Germany is terrifying. 

 

This means that the global village must take action on climate action together right now. In the face of the climate crisis, scientists have come up with a countermeasure called the global temperature change within 1.5℃” scenario. The goal is to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C by 2100. The standard is the pre-industrial comparison. Since it has already risen by 1℃, there is only a 0.5℃ margin. By 2030, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 45% compared to 2010, and net emissions must be zero by 2050. It is considered the only desperate solution to slow global warming. Other alternatives include preserving biodiversity, reducing internal combustion locomotives, and using fewer fossil fuels such as coal. 

 

The solution to the climate crisis is ultimately protecting the planet. Isn't the earth "the heavens and the earth that God created in the beginning" (Genesis 1:1)? It is also, as Pope Francis said: "the house of all of us." "The natural environment is the heritage of all mankind and a public good that everyone should be responsible for. We are facing a complex social and environmental crisis. We must unite in caring for this house entrusted to us." (From the Encyclical 「Laudato Si) Let’s get rid of the thought: I am only one person— what can I do to protect the earth? Even if it's not right now, we just can't ignore the problems of life and death of future generations? Let's be willing to start with small actions that we can do in our respective places.

Is The Korean Catholic Church Ready to Listen?

 

In his homily on 13 December 2016, Pope Francis said: "Clericalism is a really awful thing; it is a new edition of this ancient evil of the religious 'authorities' lording it over others. But the victim is the same: the poor and humble people, who await the Lord" (Casa Santa Marta).

In the Catholic Peace Weekly in its column the Readers Platform we have a Catholic expressing his views on an issue that we hear a lot about these days: listening in the preparation for a Synodal Church—Communion, Participation, Mission. 

The writer a layman used to work in a church institution. He worked for about 14 years, from the age of 28 to 42, now, he works for a general media company and only attends Masses. 

 

When he heard that the theme of the Synod of Bishops was to listen to what the Holy Spirit was saying to the Church as a whole, his first thought was whether the Korean Church was ready for this.

 

Experience is very subjective, but it becomes true when several experiences are repeated over a long period. The truth he learned from interviewing hundreds of lay people at the church was that the limitations of lay people within the church were clear. Laymen, especially those working in church institutions, complained and sometimes got angry talking to him. There really was no exception. They sometimes say, "I just do what I'm told. In particular, if you speak directly to your superiors, priests, and religious, for the development of the church, you will not last long. "I have a family to protect. I just keep my mouth shut."

 

It's a miserable reality. The fact that these words are often pouring out of the mouths of God's people is harsh enough. Do priests and religious really know this? Or is it that even if they know, they just ignore it, dismissing it as a lack of a sense of mission or faith? 

 

One of his ancestors is a Blessed Martyr in the Korean Church. But last year, he left his job. It was for the same reason as the lay people who complained to him.

 

But he doesn't believe he ever lost affection for the church. When you look at the word "listening" you'll expect to see if it will change now. 

 

If the religious and priests read this article, what do you think will be their response? Will it not be that he is making generalizations by magnifying what only a few are saying.

 

He responds with what a friend said: "it serves you right. Did I not say it in the first place? The Korean church does not seem to be able to realize the theme of listening..."

 

He is reminded of an old man's words. The senior said to him, who had confided his worries: "The time has not come yet for the Korean church to change; it will be possible when the believers disappear like in the European church. I think it will be difficult before then." 

 

He hopes it will not end like that.