New Wineskins for New Wine

A science teacher in the Catholic Peace Weekly gives the readers a lesson on turning grape juice into wine.

The first official work of the great Renaissance artist Michelangelo was the Drunken Bacchus (1497), commissioned by his patron, Cardinal Riario. This marble sculpture depicts the Roman god of wine, Bacchus, holding a goblet while intoxicated. The Romans called wine a blessing of the gods. This alcoholic beverage has accompanied us throughout human history. However, what makes wine is not the blessing of the gods' but microorganisms invisible to the human eye. 

This fantastic role of microorganisms was not discovered until 1864 by the French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur. While he was a chemistry professor at the University of Lille in northeastern France, Pasteur was asked by a local winemaker to investigate the phenomenon of wine not fermenting properly and turning sour. He devoted himself to finding a solution. 

Pasteur discovered that alcoholic fermentation did not occur when lactic acid bacteria, not yeast, were contained in the crucible used for winemaking. That wine turned sour due to acetic acid bacteria. Pasteur's shining achievement in science's history was the discovery of microorganisms that cause fermentation, spoilage, and disease.

When one molecule of glucose in grapes, the main ingredient of wine, is broken down by yeast, two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide are ultimately created, and this process is ethanol fermentation. The biochemical action of single-celled organisms such as yeast creates ethanol in alcohol. If wine is exposed to oxygen, acetic acid fermentation occurs, and the wine turns into vinegar. This is why leftover wine turns sour if the cork is improperly sealed.

2,000 years ago, when making wine, grapes were crushed and placed in a leather bag made of sheep or goat leather to ferment. The carbon dioxide gas produced along with ethanol during this process causes the leather bag to swell. Old leather bags lose elasticity and become stiff; eventually, the leather bag bursts and wine is lost. Even if it does not burst, if oxygen in the air enters the cracks in the swollen bag, the wine undergoes acetic acid fermentation and turns sour, making it undrinkable. Therefore, new wines must be put into new, flexible wineskins.

The Bible also says this. "New wine must be put into new wineskins." (Luke 5:38). This word also applies to our lives. It has been almost a month since the new wine of 2025 was given to us. Our society is the wineskins that hold that wine. In all fields, including politics, economy, culture, art, education, and religion, 2025 is a time to start over again, not forgetting our original intentions and seeking development and advancement. 

Not forgetting our original intentions means returning to the basics and pursuing what is important. Politicians should not forget the essence of politics, educators the essence of education, medical professionals the essence of medicine, and believers the essence of faith, and they should return to the basics.

A new wineskin does not become one by changing people, roles, and systems. It must be accompanied by a sound philosophy, determination to make correct value judgments, and a change in behavior to break old habits. When we restore our original intentions, return to the basics, and strive to regain our essence, we can truly become new wineskins that hold new wine. The columnist prays that in all areas of our society and as individuals, all members will be reborn with new determination and become new vessels that can hold new wine. 

Women Power

In the Catholic Peace Weekly Diagnosis of the Times column, a college professor emeritus reminds the readers of the issue citizens had to face.

December 3, 2024, South Korea has been caught up in martial law and impeachment talks. She was so shocked by the unexpected martial law announcement that she participated twice in one of the protest rallies. Many friendly figures were difficult to see as protesters: a grandmother knitting, an elementary school child holding her mother’s hand, and young students worrying about their final exams.

The most noticeable among them were young women in their 20s and 30s. Unlike her, ready to leave after seeing the impeachment results, they were ready to sit down and stay for a long time. The media paid attention to them. They published articles about how they became the collective subject of the rally and how they stood tall as proud political subjects.

During the last presidential election, the young leader of the People Power Party was at the forefront of ‘gender division’. He did not stop there but also divided minorities such as the disabled and ordinary citizens. In a situation where gender conflict and human rights violations against minorities were already surfacing, this strategy exploded gender conflict. It was a trigger for spreading discrimination and exclusion against minorities. 

Paradoxically, ‘gender division’ must have acted as a trigger that aroused the collective consciousness of young women. In addition, the ability to quickly respond to issues requiring action and unite while utilizing the Internet community as a forum for discussion and public opinion and empathizing with minorities must have made the young women stand as a strong collective subject in the impeachment situation.

However, what is more noteworthy is where their actions are headed. What is clear is their firm will to protect democracy and the democratic republic. They are actively demonstrating their strong will to live in the democratic republic. This was unimaginable in the past. They are coming together and raising their voices, regardless of the cold and expenditure of time, to confront the situation where democracy, which we have taken for granted, is undermined. 

When she sees them, she feels relieved that Korean democracy will be preserved no matter what difficulties we face in the future. I am sorry and grateful. I am glad that a ‘new’ collective entity that will protect the democratic republic has been born. It gives me hope that Korean society will be okay in the future.

Another place where the actions of young women are headed is solidarity with minorities and the socially disadvantaged. They empathize with and act in solidarity with various minorities, such as the disabled, farmers, immigrants, sexual minorities, and animals. They stand up against political power that discriminates against and excludes the socially disadvantaged and minorities. Social welfare researchers like me have many opportunities to encounter the socially needy, and we analyze and criticize policies and systems related to them and suggest alternatives.

However, these alternatives are weak in the face of the decisions of government officials and politicians. The socially disadvantaged and minorities, when they organize and raise their voices, they are equally powerless. However, if a civic group entity sympathizes with the needs of the socially disadvantaged and minorities and works with them, the story is different. It is the basis for young women to become a source of hope for the socially disadvantaged and minorities.

Living Fully In Old Age

The Korean website Catholic News Now/Here has an article by a religious sister, a Professor Emeritus, of the Holy Names University. She gives the readers some important areas to review in life.

They say it snows a lot in Korea, but in Alameda, California, where she lives, it has been raining hard for several days. Sitting in the corner of her cozy attic and feeling the wind blowing hard makes her happy but also guilty. She thinks of the people who are homeless and the many undocumented immigrants who are hiding in fear of being deported. She feels sorry and wonders how to protect their humanity and dignity.

There is a sense of anxiety in the hearts of many due to the current chaotic and worrying behavior of President Trump. In this context, Spiritual Directors International held a special meeting on what we should do for those angry and afraid in the face of recent executive orders. In particular, how we should respond to the reality that our purpose of embracing diversity and difference may be threatened (in fact, one of the Trump administration’s executive orders was to cut off federal support for DEI programs, which stands for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and many who want a just society by embracing diversity have been hurt). 

We gathered on Zoom to share our feelings and listen to each other.  We talked about how we cannot give up our values ​​no matter the situation and how we should create as many situations as possible to embrace and listen to people's anger and fears. 

While talking about this, we felt some new energy. Someone said that the message that this series of violent situations is forcing on us is that we feel powerless, so it seems important to continue to make small gestures that we can do as resistance, like a flying bird flapping its wings. I nodded strongly, and the other people in the meeting did the same. Then, we started to break free from the tense atmosphere and laugh a little.

The daytime moon in the blue sky comes to mind. Sometimes, God’s calling is so unnoticeable, so gentle, and it seems like he’s by my side, so I feel even more grateful and thankful. 

Thinking about it, even though we have difficult times, in the end, a spiritual person, and therefore a person who pursues a human life can continue to laugh. In fact, we see an abundance of humor in many saints. On a cold winter night when her whole body felt frozen, Saint Teresa of Avila, struggling to pull up a carriage stuck in a puddle, said that God doesn’t have many friends because he treats his friends so badly. We are also familiar with the stories of saints who, seeing themselves as old and infirm and unable to move well, called themselves old donkeys and laughed at themselves.

In fact, living as a person of the Lord in today’s secularized world, one has to be cautious when dealing with many difficult and disturbing things. Perhaps that is why Isaiah’s confession, in which he groaned, “Oh, I am ruined!” when he saw his unholy and sinful existence while facing God, lingers in her mind. If God came to her and called her as he did  with Isaiah, she would respond like the prophet:  “Oh, I am ruined!”

Thinking about it, she confesses having caught many fish because she cast her net where she was told to, just like Peter in Luke 5. All her work, teaching students, writing books, and providing spiritual guidance, was nothing more than casting her net where she was told. 

Today, she returned after a meeting with a desire to live a deeper community life with her community of nuns. Many nuns are now going to nursing homes, and we have promised to work hard to build a smaller but deeper community of love.  She hopes to live anew with a humble heart and focus more on God.

The sight of the nuns who will soon be scattered and leaving the Bay Area, to which they have grown accustomed, is sad and beautiful. We are people destined to sing about how we have always lacked love and our desperate hopes to become fishers of men from now on. So today, as we finished our meeting, we shared a delicious chocolate cake. And we whispered blessings for each other’s old age. Ah! Until yesterday, we were ruined. So, from now on, let’s fish for people and love.

Living The Contemplative Life

Some years ago, the Catholic Peace Weekly had an article on "New Seeds of Contemplation," a book that deals with ‘contemplation’ and in which the reporter summarizes chapter 1: ‘What is contemplation?’  Those who have read the book will agree that its contents are difficult. The reason for this is that contemplation is not something that can be taught to anyone, and it cannot be fully expressed in human language. However, it is something we should all try to attain.

Christians hope to see God and enjoy eternal happiness with Him. Merton’s contemplation is to taste true happiness with God in advance in paradise, the original place of mankind where Adam was. Merton viewed contemplation as God’s grace that mercifully completes the mysterious work of creation hidden within us.

“Contemplation is the reason God created us. Through contemplation, we know and love Him as the ‘God who is", and we come to know Him through a deep and vivid experience that our nature cannot comprehend… All who have reached the purpose of creation will become contemplatives in heaven. However, God has made it possible for many to enter this supernatural realm and experience a new environment while they are still in the world.”

To understand Merton’s words, we must realize the purpose of creation and its completion. As we can see in Genesis, God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day, and the completion of creation is precisely this ‘rest’. Eternal rest and peace with God is the ultimate purpose of our human creation. To put it another way, this is heaven, the kingdom of God. “All who have reached the purpose of creation will become contemplatives in heaven.”  Heaven has already come among us through Jesus. When Jesus proclaimed, “Repent, for the kingdom of God is at hand,” he taught that “the kingdom of God is already among us.” And he accomplished this kingdom of God through his death on the cross and resurrection. In other words, Jesus himself is the kingdom of God and heaven. When we unite with Jesus, we live in heaven here and now.

In this context, Merton teaches us that contemplation is precisely the ‘restoration of the original life of man’, the ‘restoration of life in paradise.’ “Amid the anxiety that arises when we stand alone before God in our own nothingness, we must stand naked, without any explanation, without any theoretical system, and we must entrust ourselves completely to his providence, and we must earnestly seek his grace, mercy, and the light of faith. Because true contemplation is not a psychological technique but a theological grace.” 

Adam was naked before God in the Garden of Eden, but he felt no shame. However, after committing a sin against God’s will, he felt shame and hid from God. Jesus Christ, the new Adam, was crucified naked on the cross. He forgave Adam’s sin and all of our sins and restored paradise. Merton saw contemplation as becoming one with Jesus’ nakedness. He describes contemplation as entering paradise, the original place of human beings, where there is no longer any need for shame, even if naked before God.

Merton wrote in a letter to a friend in 1963: “For me, the contemplative life is a search for truth and God. This is discovering what is truly important in my life and finding my rightful place in God’s creation.” 

Living with God in paradise is our original place as humans. And contemplation is restoring that original place. However, we often fail to respond to His invitation of love and hide. It may be because we lack the courage to show our shameful selves as they are.  However, just as Jesus hung naked on the cross, let us entrust ourselves to Him as we are and enter His paradise. And let us remember this. Restoring life in this paradise is not a completion but a new beginning.

The Church of Hope

In the Preciousness of Faith column, a priest in the  Catholic Peace Weekly, embarking on a pilgrimage to Italy for the Jubilee of 2025, reflected on the  theme of the Jubilee, "Pilgrims of Hope." The Jubilee of 2025, a significant event in the Catholic Church, is a time of spiritual renewal and reflection, marked by pilgrimage and prayer. This theme contains two words the Church must remember. 

First, "hope." Pope Francis explained the purpose of the Jubilee: "The coming Jubilee can greatly contribute to reviving the atmosphere of hope and trust that will give us a foretaste of the renewal and new birth that we so desperately desire. This is why I have chosen the motto of the Jubilee as "Pilgrims of Hope."

When the Pope visited the Korean Church for the beatification ceremony in 2014, he also asked the Korean bishops: "Please be guardians of memory and hope."

The Pope emphasizes hope because this era is desperately looking forward to hope. There is no sign that war and violence are disappearing around the world. Countless are the victims of famine, infectious diseases, and natural disasters. The economic and political crisis is causing chaos not only in our country but also throughout the world. Many young people are despairing. 

The works of Han Kang, the first Korean to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, have received worldwide attention probably because she has drawn empathy by meticulously depicting the violence that appears in human life, the trauma and wounds that result from it, and the fragility of life, and has searched for humanity beyond that. In short, her writings have comforted people because she has not given up hope.

It is clear that this era, where hope is threatened, is in crisis, but this can also be an excellent opportunity for the Church. This is because the Church holds a greater hope than what humanity desires. In fact: "In hope we have been saved" (Romans 8:24). Furthermore, the Church has always sought hope and testifies to the hope it has found. "Always be ready to give an answer to anyone who asks you about the hope that is in you." (1 Pet 3:15). Today, we are called to bear witness to that very hope.

A church that does not hope, does not dream together, and cannot bear witness to hope has nothing to offer the world. Fortunately, the Church continues to witness hope through the Holy Spirit's work and the believers' efforts. It sheds light on the dawn of hope in many places worldwide.

However, hope is not given on its own. That is why it must be a 'pilgrimage'. Hope is a dawn that comes only to those who seek and reflect on it. Just as the Magi set out again to find the star they had lost and the star rose again (cf. Mt 2:1-12), Christians are pilgrims who set out again to find hope.

The characters in the Bible are people who overcame trials and lived with hope. We who set out on a pilgrimage to find hope are the world's hope. This is why we must begin the Jubilee of 2025 with hope. 

The word "hope" reflects an undeniable dark shadow in human life. The crises and trials we must endure, and the solutions that humans themselves cannot find... But it is precisely there that hope shines. Hope starts from our reality but directs us towards something beyond ourselves. 

The figures in the Bible were those who overcame trials and sought hope, and all church members were pilgrims who followed in their footsteps to find hope. Therefore, "pilgrims of hope" is our very name. And we, who embark on a pilgrimage to find hope, are the hope for the world. 

Personalism in an Impersonalistic Society

An article in the Catholic Times on the Community Movement in Korea showed it to be an excellent tool for realizing synodality and suggesting that clericalism must be addressed simultaneously. The Church needs these small communities living the synodal theme —Communion, Participation, and Mission.

The Church worldwide has given synodality a great deal of time and effort with great expectations of what it can do for the world. One of the problems always present is how words are used and the meaning we give them. What is necessary is the need to define the words being used, but this is not always feasible.

One such word is personalism, which focuses on dignity and rights. This concept we hear throughout the Vatican document Gaudium et Spes. It was expressed theologically: "Man is the only creature on earth that God willed for its own sake, and he cannot fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself."

For John Paul II, the "personalistic norm" states that a person should never be treated as a mere object to be used but rather as someone who deserves to be loved and treated with inherent dignity and worth, meaning the only proper attitude toward a person is love, which constitutes a mature and fully developed relationship with them. 

Often, issues we face become more important than the persons involved. Not difficult to do. There is always a need to connect synodality and personalism— communion and unity with open dialogue and listening to one another. 

Pope Francis has strongly promoted both synodality and personalism in his papacy, emphasizing the importance of a Church that "walks together" and truly values each person.

"Imago Dei" spirituality refers to a theological concept— Humans are created "in the image of God". We possess inherent dignity and value because we reflect certain qualities of God, such as rationality, creativity, moral capacity, and the ability to love and relate to others, setting us apart from the rest of creation; essentially, it emphasizes the unique worth and responsibility that comes with being human as a reflection of God's nature. 

What has to be overcome is the desire for efficiency and emotional support in an impersonal society and the willingness to continue with our ideals. We live with many impersonal structures, but nothing prevents us from relating according to personalistic norms and seeing other humans not as objects but as subjects. 

East and West's Prerequisite for Happiness

In the past, we heard the traditional Chinese New Year greeting: "May you and your family enjoy the five blessings."  These come from the Book of Documents in the Classics of Confucianism and are also called the "Five Happinesses" or "Five Good Fortunes." 

The five blessings are health, wealth, long life, love of virtue, and peaceful death— elements considered necessary for the good life. The one that may surprise the modern age is the love of virtue, but not for the pre-Christian East or West. Not only did Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism emphasize virtues, but the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle and Roman Stoics all believed virtue was necessary for achieving happiness.

Our society is polarized for many reasons, depending on how we examine our reality. In ancient times, most would agree that certain values should guide our reasoning and behavior, understood as natural laws. 

Natural law is a theory in ethics and philosophy that understands humans possess intrinsic values that should govern their reasoning and behavior. These values are inherent in people and are not created by society or court judges. In our society, conscience is the word used to describe and indicate this inner guide. 

In Confucianism, "natural law" is understood as an inherent order within the universe, which guides human behavior towards social harmony, acting as universal principles embedded in human nature, discoverable through reason, and expressed through social relationships and virtues such as benevolence and propriety.

Confucianism gives us Five Virtues: Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety, Wisdom, and  Trustworthiness. These virtues are the fundamental values needed to live a moral life. The five virtues were important in determining who was a ‘true gentleman’— the wise person. In the Analects, Confucius said: “By three methods we learn wisdom: First by reflection, which is the noblest; second by imitation, which is the easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest.” 

The fourth of the five blessings is 'Yuho-deok' (攸好德), which means enjoying virtue and doing it well. This is a good example showing that our ancestors considered doing good deeds for their neighbors a blessing. In particular, our ancestors believed everyone had to do some good deed from the first day of the new lunar month. 

The Chinese character for benevolence— "仁",  is composed of two parts: "人",  meaning "person", and "二", meaning "two." Benevolence is about the relationship between two people and the importance of empathy and understanding in human interactions within a social context; it represents caring for others and acting with kindness towards them. 

In his Description of a Gentleman, Saint John Henry Newman (1801-1890) presented the wise and cultivated person of the pre-Christian Philosophers of both East and West as the benevolent person. 

Happy Lunar New Year!